epidural stainless steel screw electrodes  (Bilaney Consultants)

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Temporal interference stimulation over the motor cortex enhances cortical excitability in rats

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01008-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic representation of the experimental design. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups of eight animals each. Each group received a respective stimulation protocol for 20 min under anesthesia. Electrophysiological recordings, including motor-evoked potential (MEP), input-output curve (I/O Curve), and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI), were measured pre-and post-stimulation. ( B ) The top view of the rat skull shows the positioning of epidural screw electrodes for stimulation and electrophysiological recordings. ( C ) A detailed diagram illustrates the electrode placements with specific coordinates on the skull over the targeted motor cortical region.

Article Snippet: Stainless steel epidural screw electrodes (1.6-mm-diameter pole, 0–80 × 1/16, PlasticsOne Inc., Roanoke, VA, United States) were implanted into the four burr holes connecting with the output of the stimulator via wires.

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: Epilepsia Open

Article Title: Early preclinical plasma protein biomarkers of brain trauma are influenced by early seizures and levetiracetam

doi: 10.1002/epi4.12738

Figure Lengend Snippet: LFPI induction conditions and injury severity assessments. (A) Injury induction conditions and early outcomes in LFPI‐LEV0, LFPI‐LEV200, and sham groups. No difference was found between LFPI‐LEV0 and LFPI‐LEV200 in any of the parameters observed after injury except for SRT which was significantly shorter in the sham groups compared to LFPI‐LEV0 or LFPI‐LEV200 groups (* P < 0.05 vs. sham). (B) Composite neuroscores in LFPI‐LEV0, LFPI‐LEV200, and sham rats at baseline (BL), 2 d, and 7 d show significant group and time‐dependent differences, as demonstrated in C. (C) P values for each comparison between group and timepoint, determined by Tukey HSD post hoc analyses, using linear mixed model with repeated measures. Both LFPI groups have significant differences from sham at every post‐LFPI timepoint. Both LFPI groups show significant deterioration in composite neuroscores at each post‐LFPI timepoint vs. BL, partial improvement from 2 d to 7 d, and no significant differences between LFPI‐LEV and LFPI‐LEV200. Sham show mild impairment of composite neuroscores post‐craniotomy but this is not statistically significant. Atm, atmospheres; BL, baseline; d, days; LEV200, levetiracetam 200 mg/kg bolus followed by 200 mg/kg/day treated LFPI rats; LFPI, lateral fluid percussion injury; LFPI‐LEV0, vehicle‐treated LFPI rats; SD, standard deviation; s, seconds; SRT, self‐righting time. (D) Electrographic early seizure in an LFPI rat, focal onset (left cortical) to bilateral. Sampling rate 2 kHz; low frequency filter 0.1 Hz; high frequency filter 500 Hz. Fp1/Fp2: left and right frontal; C3/C4: left and right central; O1/O2: left and right occipital; PoCx1/PoCx2: left posterior cortical microelectrodes; Hippo1/Hippo2: left hippocampal microelectrodes; Ref: right cerebellar reference (epidural screw electrode); ground: left cerebellar epidural screw electrode. Recording was done with the Neuralynx system.

Article Snippet: Six stainless steel epidural screw electrodes (EM/12/120, Plastics One) were placed in burr holes at the following coordinates: left and right prefrontal (Fp1, Fp2) +1.5 mm anterior to bregma (AP), ML ±2.5 mm; left and right central (C3, C4) −1.72 mm AP, ML ±2.5 mm; left and right occipital (O1, O2) −7.56 mm AP, ML ±2.5 mm.

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Sampling